Topic: a brief history of alcohol

words/phrase: 

(资料图)

chimpanzee: A chimpanzeeis a kind of small African ape.

stumbles across a windfall of overripe plums: A windfallis a sum of money that you receive unexpectedly or by luck, for example if you win a lottery.

plums: A plumis a small, sweet fruit with a smooth red or yellow skin and a stone in the middle.

split open: 

Voters will have time to see that " the sky doesn't fall and the world doesn't split open" 

drawing him to intoxicatingfruity odor: making you feel excited so that you cannot think clearly

odor(odour):(figurative)a smell, especially one that is unpleasant

he gorgeshimself:If you gorge on something or gorge yourself on it,you eat lots of it in a very greedy way.

this unwitting ape:not aware of what you are doing or of the situation you are involved in;/ ape: Apesare chimpanzees, gorillas, and other animals in the same family.

human will eventuallyharness:  you harnesssomething such as an emotion or natural source of energy, you bring it under your control and use it

attract microscopic organisms:An organismis an animal or plant, especially one that is so small that you cannot see it without using a microscope.

yeast: a fungusused in making beer and wine, or to make bread rise

they produce a compound called ethanol: In chemistry, a compoundis a substance that consists of two or more elements;/// Ethanolis another name for alcohol.

alcoholic beverages:any type of drink except water

fermentation:the process of chemical change caused by the action of yeast or bacteria, often changing sugar to alcohol

where residuein claypots:a small amount of something that remains at the end of a process;//Clayis a kind of earth that is soft when it is wet and hard when it is dry

rice,grapes,millet,honey: Milletis a cereal crop that is grown for its seeds or for hay.

from stored cerealgrains:one of various types of grass that produce grains that can be eaten or are used to make flour or bread. wheat, barley and rye are all cereals.

receive it in their daily ration: a fixed amount of foodgiven regularly to a soldier or to somebody who is in a place where there is not much food available

it was a rare and expensive delicacy: Delicacyis the quality of being easy to break or harm, and refers especially to people or things that are attractive or graceful.

Egyptand Mesopotamia: a republic in NE Africa, on the Mediterranean and Red Sea

banana andpalm beer: A palmor a palm treeis a tree that grows in hot countries. It has long leaves growing at the top, and no branches.

alcohol consumption:the act of using energy, food or materials; the amount used

althorities latch onto effect they perceivedas positive:to understand or think of somebody/something in a particular way

alcohol potiential forabuse: the use of something in a way that is wrong or harmful

promoted temperance:If you believe in temperance, you disapprove of drinking alcohol.

integratedwineintorituals:to combine two or more things so that they work together; to combine with something else in this way;///rituals:a series of actions that are always performed in the same way, especially as part of a religious ceremony

but consider excessive intoxicationa sin: Intoxicationis the state of being drunk.

the by-product wild yeast generate during fermentation becom toxic and kill them

distillation:the process of evaporating or boiling a liquid and condensing its vapour

vaporizethe alcohol in them:vaporize (something)to turn into gas; to make something turn into gas

stronger spirits:  strong alcoholic drink 

spirits didn't spoil：to change something good into something bad, unpleasant, etc.

become a staplefor sailors: A stapleis something that forms an important part of something else;// A sailoris someone who works on a ship or sails a boat.

Europeans brought brandyand ginto Africa: two kinds of alcohol/spirits

sea voyages:A voyageis a long journey on a ship or in a spacecraft.

keep water fresh for the crews:The crewof a ship, an aircraft, or a spacecraft is the people who work on and operate it.

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